The 18 essays in this volume reflect an interdisciplinary dialogue on the contradictions and dilemmas posed by the correlation between the concepts of “cultural otherness” and “human rights” in the social field. The theoretical exploration of the boundaries between the universal character of rights and communitarian approaches to otherness is accompanied by analyses focused on education, the management of speaking a foreign language and of identities in schools. Based on research data from Greek and international reality, the political character of pedagogical intervention is highlighted and a critical view of cultural diversity in education is proposed.